Sumer journal for Pure Science (SJPS) publishes academic and applied papers dealing with recent topics and scientific concepts. SUJPS multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal intended to cover all applied and pure Sciences area. The specialty of publication includes the following fields: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Geology, Computer Science, and Mathematics.
Enhancing Government Services and Combating Corruption through an E-Government System for Internal Employee Services
E-government involves a strategy that aims to modernize government services by utilizing information and communication technology. Its main objectives include improving service quality fighting corruption and ensuring transparency. This study emphasizes the importance of change to establish a dynamic and open work culture, in government agencies. To achieve these aims a specific e government system is suggested for employee services (G2E) within government bodies. The system is created using Visual Basic.net and collaborative SQL databases enabling employees to monitor their benefits. The results demonstrate the outcomes of e government endeavors, such as enhanced efficiency, cost savings and increased satisfaction among beneficiaries due to efficient service delivery reduced waiting periods and accurate data provision. The conclusions underscore the significance of change, in fostering an transparent work environment. Through the implementation of the suggested e government system government institutions can improve service provision empower their staff members and contribute to enhancing administration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sumer Journal for Pure Science
Geotechnical Assessment and Soil Improvement of Al-Hilla Gas Station Site, Babylon, Iraq
This paper studies the geotechnical properties of the soil at Al-Hilla Gas Station, based on investigations conducted in 2024. The study included digging four boreholes to a depth of 15 m. The evaluation was based on fieldwork and laboratory test results for both disturbed and undisturbed soil samples taken from the study site. The results showed that the type of soil is silty clay containing a small percentage of sand up to a depth of 6.5 m and is classified as highly plastic clay and low plasticity. Beyond a depth of 6.5 -15 m, the soil is classified as medium to high density sandy silt. A chemical analysis results indicated that the groundwater is slightly basic, while the salts content ranged from medium to high. The water also contained a high percentage of sulphates. The organic matter content ranged between 0.54-5.77%, the total soluble salts between 9.14-17.21%, and the gypsum content between 5.87-10.43%. The average number of hits (N) for standard penetration test (SPT) was between 9-43, the groundwater level was 3.90 m, and the moisture content (MC) ranged between 9.1-28.4%. The liquid limit (L.L.) ranged from 36-51%, the plastic limit (P.L) from 18-21%, and the plasticity index (PI) from 20-33%. The average soil effectiveness value was around 0.50, classifying the soil as inactive. The soil bearing capacity ranged between 2.16-2.56 tons. For the dynamic method, the bearing capacity ranged between 5.15-5.24 tons/m2. Several engineering treatments can be used depending on type of soil, groundwater level, and type of structure. Based on the results, this study recommends that the best type of treatment is soil replacement, by removed surface layers and replaced with gravel or clean, compacted sand.
Al-Hilla Gas Station; Borehole; Soil treatments; Bearing capacity; investigations; Geotechnical evaluation.
A Study of Blood and Lipid Parameters in Infertile Women in Wasit Province
​ Infertility in women is a significant health problem affecting reproductive health, defined as the inability to conceive after one year or more of regular, unprotected intercourse. This study aimed to evaluate certain hematological and biochemical parameters in women with infertility. The study was conducted at Al-Kut Maternity and Children's Hospital in Wasit Governorate from October 2025 to February 2026, and included 120 participants (65 women with infertility and 55 women in the control group) aged 17–38 years. Measurements included several hematological parameters and blood lipid indices. The results showed changes in some blood lipid indices, No significant differences were observed in triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL (p > 0.05). In contrast, a significant difference was found in HDL (p < 0.05), with the infantile uterus group recording the highest level and the ovulation disorder group recording the lowest. The low HDL in this group may indicate metabolic disorders related to insulin resistance or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). As well as a significant decrease in red and white blood cell counts and packed cell volume in women with infertility compared to the control group. In contrast, no significant differences were found in hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).These findings suggest an association between infertility and hematological and biochemical changes, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and follow-up.
AMH hormone, secondary infertility and Women Age
The relationship between MicroRNA-21 expression, cardiac biomarkers and some cytokines in cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide and miR-21 is involved in regulating a complex network of metabolic, inflammatory, and molecular pathways in apoptosis, fibrosis, and cardiac remodeling. The aim of this study was to assess the association of MicroRNA-21 expression with cardiac markers (troponin and creatin kinase) and selected inflammatory cytokines in patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. This is a case-control study that included 137 patients with cardiovascular diseases who were collected from the Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital in Wasit, City in Iraq in the period from January 2025 to December 2025 in addition to 100 healthy controls. For biochemical and molecular analyses, 5 mL of venous blood samples were taken aseptically within three days of the onset of cardiac symptoms. The results of the present study, which included 137 cardiovascular disease patients and 100 healthy controls, showed that 78.8% of the patients were males and 21.2% were females. The majority of patients were aged 56–65 years (51.8%), followed by 66–75 years (31.4%). Regarding body mass index, 52.6% of patients were classified as overweight (25–30 kg/m²) and 37.2% as obese (30–35 kg/m²). Biochemical analysis revealed a marked elevation in Troponin T levels in patients (37.15 ± 4.28 pg/mL) compared to controls (5.12 ± 0.64 pg/mL), as well as CK-MB levels (4.06 ± 0.67 ng/mL vs. 0.08 ± 0.03 ng/mL, respectively). Inflammatory cytokines showed increased IL-6 (25.49 ± 0.52 ng/L) and IL-12 (29.46 ± 1.07 pg/mL) alongside decreased IL-10 levels (5.22 ± 0.81 pg/mL) compared with controls (19.64 ± 2.45 pg/mL). Furthermore, miR-21 expression was significantly upregulated in patients (2.459-fold) compared with controls (1.019-fold), demonstrating strong diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.942, sensitivity of 91.2%, and specificity of 94.0%, indicating its potential as a promising molecular biomarker in cardiovascular diseases.This study suggests that the increase in miR-21 is correlated with cardiac biomarker and inflammatory cytokine alteration, therefore may be a significant clinical and pathophysiological marker in cardiovascular disease.
miR-21, cardiovascular diseases, troponin, cytokines, biomarkers.
Longitudinal Study of Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Serum Biomarkers for Hypertensive Male Smokers During One Year
In this study, we attempt to understand the effect of smoking and its cessation on the serum biomarkers of male hypertensives (males with high blood pressure). 400 participants aged 25-70 were recruited from Iraqi specialty clinics. 300 were smokers and 100 were healthy controls. Smokers were classified based on age and smoking history into three groups, Group A (long-term), Group B (mid-term), Group C (recent), and Group D as the control. Serum levels of leptin, growth hormone (GH), beta-catenin, Endothelin-1 (ET-1), and norepinephrine were quantified using ELISA. Group A smokers had the highest mean levels of leptin (8.4±0.34 ng/mL), ET-1 (6.9±0.24 ng/mL), and norepinephrine (1140±34.32 pg/mL). They showed also the lowest levels of GH and beta-catenin (0.2±0.04 ng/mL; 0.21±0.03 ng/mL, respectively). Elevated levels of the mentioned biomarkers persisted even a year after cessation of smoking. This study emphasizes the damaging effect of smoking on some biomarkers related to the cardiovascular and endocrine systems and provides the rationale for conducting a long-term study for hypertensive smokers after cessation.
Keywords: β-catenin, Endothelin-1 (ET-1), Leptin, Smoking, Hypertension.
Antibiotic Resistance Strategies and In Silico Screening: Genetic Engineering, NDM-1, and Natural Inhibitors
The rise of bacteria that produce New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) is extremely dangerous for the world, as they show high levels of antibiotic resistance. Developing new strategies aimed at these multi-drug resistant targets is greatly needed, and the use of natural products is especially promising. The goal of this study is the assessment of the inhibitory effect of the three natural products—Baicalin, Myricetin and Rosmarinic Acid—against the NDM-1 enzyme through in silico analyses of molecular docking (with ADME and toxicity profiling) and its subsequent assessment as a reliable tool for predicting enzyme inhibition. Binding affinity, the inhibition constants (Ki) and ligand efficiency of the NDM-1 enzyme (PDB ID: 3QS0) were calculated and assessed using molecular docking simulations. The software InstaDock with the QuickVina-W scoring algorithm was used for these calculations. The ADME processes (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) were calculated along with drug-likeness and acute toxicity (LD50) estimations with the platforms SwissADME and ProTox- II. The three compounds evaluated also exhibited acceptable ranges of binding affinity, which were calculated from -5.7 to -7.7 kcal/mol. With a binding affinity of -7.7 kcal/mol, Baicalin is predicted to have a Ki of 0.2406 μM and pKi of 5.65. Myricetin is predicted to have moderate binding and a Ki of 0.2739 μM at -6.3 kcal/mol, and Rosmarinic Acid predicted a binding affinity of -5.7 kcal/mol. Interaction analyses determined that multiple hydrophobic bond and hydrogen bond interactions were present with active site residues such as His122, His189, His250, Asp124, Lys211 and Asn220. According to OECD standards, all compounds exhibited positive ADME results and low toxicity (LD50 >300 mg/kg for all routes), classifying them as safe. This shows that Baicalin, Myricetin, and Rosmarinic Acid are good pharmacokinetics NDM-1 inhibitors and safe. Additional research is necessary to find possible therapies for NDM-1 mediated antibiotic resistance.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, ADME prediction, drug discovery.
Integrated Analysis of Trace Elements, Vitamins, and Hormones in Pancreatic Cancer Patients in Thi-Qar Province
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has one of the highest mortality rates and the worst prognoses of any cancer. Some causes of PDAC are related to metabolic dysfunctions, deficiency of certain micronutrients, and accumulation of certain toxic trace metals. Objective: This study aimed to analyze and compare through assessment of blood trace elements, micronutrients and hormones, levels of PDAC with age-matched healthy controls of PDAC males from the Middle East. Methods: This study was conducted on a sample of 200 men from the 50-70 age cohort from the Governorate of Thi-Qar, Iraq, 100 were PDAC patients and the other 100 were healthy controls. Peripheral samples from patients were taken after fasting for 12-14 hours. The test of atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry were used to assess presence of trace elements and heavy metals, and serum levels of retinol and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were done using HPLC and ELISA methods, while serum levels of the vitamins B2, B6, B9, and B12 were done by ELISA. The hormones, testosterone, FSH, LH, estradiol (E2), progesterone, androstenedione, and insulin and the IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were assessed using CLIA and ELISA methods. For statistical analysis SPSS was used and a p-value < 0.05 was significant. Results: The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Se, Mg, and Ca as well as vitamin A, ATRA, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were significantly reduced in PDAC patients, while the concentrations of the toxic metals As, Pb, Cd, and Mo were increased. Cholinesterase concentrations were unchanged, while copper and mercury concentrations were unchanged and decreased, respectively. Reduced levels of testosterone, progesterone, androstenedione, and IGFBP-3 were correlated with increased levels of FSH, LH, estradiol (E2), and insulin. The increase in IGF-1 was minimal and statistically insignificant. Conclusion: There are multiple dimensions of the gauntlet PDAC patients face, including nutritional deficiencies, an excess of toxic metals, and severe dysregulation of hormones. These findings highlight markers of disease progression, and potential targets for dietary or hormonal interventions.
Assessment of IL-17 and TNF- α Levels and Liver Function among Iraqi Hepatitis B Patients
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem that causes liver inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chemokines, such as Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF- α) are essential for immune functions but their expression profiles and associations with HBV progression in Iraqi patients are poorly understood. The purpose of the study was to compare the levels of serum IL-17 and TNF- α and their correlation with the severity of the disease with the help of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP). The case-control study was involving100 individuals: 60 acute HBV, 20 chronic HBV, 10 healthy controls and10 participants were excluded .serum levels of IL-17 and TNF-α were measured using ELISA while liver enzymes were determined by colorimetric method. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences (P < 0.01) between the study groups. Serum levels of IL-17 and TNF- α were much higher in HBV patients than in healthy controls, and are even higher in acute infection. There were also significant results of liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST, and ALP) in the acute group, in contrast to the chronic and control groups. These findings suggest that the elevated IL-17 and TNF- α levels are associated with HBV infection among Iraqi patients and the combined immunological and liver enzyme parameters can be useful indicators to monitor HBV progression and chronicity.
hepatitis B infection; IL-17; TNF- α; Liver enzyme; Immune response
Microbiological, Histopathological and Epidemiological Assessment of patients with Staphylococcus aureus in Babylon Province: A Cross-Sectional Study
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease with a wide prevalence, with a rate of 20% in children and 6.3% among adults. (AD) is characterized by dry skin, irritation, and constant, annoying itching, the main cause of which is an imbalance in the immune response and increased secretion of helper T cells of the first type Th1 and the second type Th2. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are associated with the disease. This study aimed to analyze the microbial content and histological changes associated with atopic dermatitis. The study included recruiting 180 patients who were clinically diagnosed with (AD). Swabs were inoculated from active skin lesions to culture the bacteria and identify the most abundant species. Histological analysis was measured and histological changes were identified. Then, patient data were collected to determine the prevalence of the disease in Babylon Governorate. Statistical analyses were conducted using chi-square and P-value percentages Results: Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent (60.25%) at the significance level (P=0.0001) and the prevalence of the disease in females was 52.49% compared to males 47.51% at the significance level (P=0.0001). Histological changes associated with the disease have been identified. Staphylococcus aureus is abundantly associated with patients, confirming the importance of the microbial role in the mechanism and severity of the disease.
Atopic dermatitis; Staphylococcus aureus; Histopathological; Skin microbiome; Epidemiology
Complex Dynamics of Relaxed Newton's Method and its Application to Fourth-Degree Polynomials
The Newton-Raphsen method is an important numerical method for finding the roots of nonlinear equations and is considered one of the best numerical methods in terms of convergence. Furthermore, the relaxed Newton method, used to find the roots of nonlinear equations with recurring roots, is of great importance. Therefore, we used this method in this research to study its complex dynamics. We also demonstrated the coupling of the relaxed Newton method, which uses a single fourth root to obtain a fourth root, via a linear fractional transformation using a Riemann sphere, with recurrence rates of the quadratic equation q(a) = a⁴ - 0.75. The fractional transformation, the Möbius transformation, was also applied to complex quadratic polynomials with recurring roots. We demonstrate the conjugation of the relaxed Newton's approach, which uses one quartic root to get the rooted of a fourth, through a Riemann sphere linear fractional transformation, to the iterations of the quartic . Fractional transformation, the Möbius transform, has also been applied to complex quadrilateral polynomials with repeated roots.
Relaxed Newton's method, Möbius transformation, fourth-degree polynomials, Multiple roots.
Association of Serum Copeptin Levels with Inflammatory Status and Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory condition characterized by persistent synovial inflammation and progressive joint damage. Copeptin, a stable biomarker of arginine vasopressin secretion, has recently been implicated in several inflammatory disorders. This study aimed to evaluate serum copeptin levels in patients with RA and to investigate their association with inflammatory markers and disease activity. A case-control study was conducted on 90 participants, including 45 patients diagnosed with RA and 45 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum copeptin levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) were assessed in RA patients. The findings demonstrated significantly elevated serum copeptin levels in RA patients compared with controls (7.94 ± 2.63 vs. 4.38 ± 1.51 ng/mL; P < 0.001). In addition, serum copeptin showed significant positive correlations with ESR (r = 0.44, P = 0.004), CRP (r = 0.51, P = 0.001), and DAS28 score (r = 0.56, P < 0.001). Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis further revealed that DAS28 score and CRP were independent predictors of serum copeptin levels. These findings suggest that serum copeptin is elevated in RA patients and may reflect inflammatory activity and disease severity.
Histological and Histochemical Study the Fundic Region of Stomach in Adult Local Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
The importance of this study histological and histochemical to the fundic region of stomach in adult local rabbit to detected the type of glands in this region and type of secretion. Twelve adult local rabbits used in this study. Animals were deeply anesthetized by mixture ketamine and xylazine intramuscular injection , exsanguinated via the jugular vein and the stomach was immediately excised, and detected the fundic region to prepare histological sections . uptake eight tissue samples from this region , The fundic region wall in rabbit consist from the following tunics; mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularis & serosa. the first layer mucosa lining by epithelial tissue ,simple columnar epithelium tissue. The glands in fundic region appear as simple divided tubular long straight over most of their length and wide at base portion, the glands in this region consist from the following cells, mucous cells ,stem cells, oxyntic cells, enteroendocrine & peptic cells.
A New Family of Extended Rayleigh Distribution: Properties and Estimation
This paper presents a new type of continuous family distribution constructed on the truncated Rayleigh-Rayleigh distribution [0,1]. This distribution addresses the challenges posed by increasing data complexity, particularly in failure modeling, where it provides a suitable alternative when the normal distribution is inadequate. Using the maximum likelihood method (MLE) for parameter estimation, simulations were conducted to experimentally determine the behavior of the TR-RD parameters with different sample sizes (n = 10, 20, 50, 100) and (200, 300,400,500). The simulation results demonstrated that using small parameter values ​​with large sample sizes yields a clear advantage, achieving the lowest mean squared error (MSE). This paper also defines several properties of this distribution, including, for example, the r-order moment function, the reliability function, the failure rate function, the dielectric strength function, and the Shannon entropy function.
Rayleigh distribution, truncated function, the function of rth moment, reliability, hazard rate function, Shannon entropy function.
GC-MS Characterization and Histopathological Evaluation of Wound Healing Following Topical Application of Commiphora Myrrha Essential Oil in a Rabbit Model
To assess the effectiveness of Commiphora Myrrha essential oil for topical use, this study was performed using a full-thickness rabbit wound model. Fifty percent of Myrrha essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and analysed via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Twelve New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups (six rabbits per group): Group I received one-time daily applications of 5% Myrrha essential oil, and Group II received one-time daily applications of distilled water with a control group of six rabbits; both groups had full-thickness longitudinal skin wounds approximately two cm long created symmetrically along both sides of the dorsal midline that were opened once daily for 28 days. Skin biopsies were taken from the same rabbits at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after implementation and prepared for histological examination via Hematoxylin & Eosin and Masson’s Trichrome to evaluate inflammatory response, reepithelization and collagen organization at time of biopsy. While the results of the study (33 compounds identified) were formulated based on results from the gas chromotography-mass spectrometer (HMF at 42.42% and quinic acid at 19.14%) these details were not included in the abstract of the study which provides an overview of the study's findings. The group treated with Myrrh showed significant improvements in healing of wounds versus the control group. Loss of inflammatory cells in the tissue and presence of sero-cellular crusts were noted at days 3-7 after injury. By day 7-14, improved epithelial migration and reorganization of the dermis were observed. Complete re-epithelialization and re-organization of collagen bundles occurred at day 28 in the Myrrh group; however, collagen was immature and there were still inflammatory cells present in the control group. The study concluded that topical Commiphora myrrha (Myrrh) enhances healing of cutaneous wounds by promoting resolution of inflammation, stimulating fibroblast production, and accelerating maturity of collagen. These results indicate that myrrh could have a therapeutic role in increasing both rate and quality of repair of skin tissues.
Micro P_β- Open Set in Micro Topological Spaces
This paper introduces a new class of open sets within micro topological spaces, termed Micro -open sets. We investigate its fundamental properties. Furthermore, we establish the exact inclusion relations, proving that any Micro -open set is necessarily Micro pre-open, Micro -open, and Micro -open. Through counterexamples, we demonstrate that these inclusions are not reversible and that the class of Micro -open sets is independent of Micro -open, Micro semi-open, Micro -open and Micro -open sets.
Molecular Sequencing of Theileria lestoquardi in Iraqi Goats
This study was performed to molecular investigation of caprine theileriosis (Theileria lestoquardi), phylogenetic analysis of study isolates, and estimation association of infection to animal risk factors. Initially, venous blood was collected from totally 168 anaemic goats, tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the positive isolates were sequenced. Findings revealed 16.07% positive goats to T. lestoquardi, which increased significantly in goats aged ≥4 years compared to <1 and 1-3 years old, with lack of significance between female and male goats though risk in males was higher than females. Targeting 18S rRNA gene, phylogenetic analysis of study isolates with the NCBI-BLAST T. lestoquardi isolates / strains detected a high percentage of identity ranged 96.61-100% and mutation/changes at 0.01%. However, the study isolates were shown a significant identity with the NCBI-BLAST Iraqi T. lestoquardi isolate (GenBank ID: MN704657.1) at 99.13-100% and mutation/changes at 0.000168%. In conclusion, this might represent the first study in Wasit province suggesting the importance of furthermore molecular phylogenetic studies to indicate T. lestoquardi isolates circulate in small ruminants.
Age, Caprine parasites, Phylogenetic analysis, Sex, Theileriosis, Wasit.
Assessment of Melanocortin-4 Receptor Levels in Obese Individuals
Obesity is a multifactorial metabolic disorder influenced by genetic and environmental factors and represents a major global health problem. The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene is important for regulating appetite and energy balance. This study aimed to evaluate serum MC4R levels in an Iraqi population. A case–control study was conducted including 45 obese individuals (BMI = 38.44 ± 5.42 kg/m²) and 35 healthy controls (BMI = 22.3 ± 1.8 kg/m²), aged 18–69 years. Serum MC4R levels were significantly elevated in obese individuals (1170.36 ± 108.22 ng/mL) compared with controls (759.35 ± 41.92 ng/mL) (P = 0.002). No significant gender differences were observed within controls (P = 0.089) or obese subjects (P = 0.609), although obese females showed slightly higher levels than males. Group comparison confirmed significantly higher MC4R levels in both obese males (P = 0.011) and females (P = 0.042) compared to controls. In conclusion, Obesity is associated with high serum levels of MC4R suggesting the potential role of MC4R in obesity pathophysiology and this association appears to be independent of gender.
Obesity, MC4R, Melanocortin-4 receptor, ELISA, Serum levels, Iraqi population, Body mass index, Genetic susceptibility
Evaluation of Serum Levels of Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Gene ADRB2 in Asthmatic Patients
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and variable respiratory symptoms. The current study aims to evaluate serum levels of Beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene ADRB2 in asthmatic patients. This case–control study was conducted in Wasit Province, Iraq, with participants recruited from several private clinics across different areas of Kut Governorate, Wasit Province, Iraq. A total of 80 individuals were included, comprising 45 asthmatic patients and 35 apparently healthy controls. The mean age of patients was (38.44 ± 11.02) years, while controls had a mean age of (36.71 ± 10.15) years, with a balanced distribution of males and females in both groups. The results showed that serum ADRB2 levels were significantly lower in asthmatic patients (1.172 ± 0.060 ng/ml) compared to controls (1.483 ± 0.093 ng/ml) (P = 0.005). This reduction was not genotype-dependent but was more pronounced in male patients (P = 0.004), while no significant difference was observed in females (P = 0.151). In conclusion, the greater reduction of serum ADRB2 in male patients implies that gender-specific physiological or hormonal factors can modulate receptor expression and may contribute to differential disease manifestations.
Asthma, ADRB2 gene, β2-adrenergic receptor, ELISA, Pharmacogenetics.
Distribution of blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA-48-like Genes among Carbapenem-Resistant Clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates Using Real-Time PCR
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of difficult-to-treat hospital infections. Resistance is frequently mediated by carbapenemase genes, particularly blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA-48-like. Real-time PCR detection of these genes can support infection-control decisions and guide antimicrobial stewardship. This study determined the distribution of blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA-48-like among carbapenem-resistant clinical K. pneumoniae isolates and evaluated their association with specimen source, hospital ward, and antimicrobial resistance profile. A cross-sectional clinical microbiology study was performed on 124 non-duplicate carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from routine human clinical specimens. Isolates were identified by culture, biochemical testing, and automated identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using an automated system and disk diffusion, with interpretation according to current clinical breakpoints. Genomic DNA was extracted from pure colonies. Short-amplicon TaqMan real-time PCR assays were used to detect blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA-48-like. At least one carbapenemase gene was detected in 112/124 isolates (90.3%). blaNDM was the most frequent gene, detected in 68 isolates (54.8%), followed by blaOXA-48-like in 54 isolates (43.5%) and blaKPC in 18 isolates (14.5%). Dual-gene carriage was detected in 31 isolates (25.0%), mainly blaNDM + blaOXA-48-like. Triple-gene carriage was detected in 5 isolates (4.0%). Gene-positive isolates showed significantly higher multidrug resistance than gene-negative carbapenem-resistant isolates. Short-amplicon real-time PCR provided a rapid and image-free method for detecting clinically important carbapenemase genes in K. pneumoniae. The predominance of blaNDM and blaOXA-48-like suggested a local resistance pattern requiring continuous surveillance.
Klebsiella pneumoniae; carbapenem resistance; blaNDM; blaKPC; blaOXA
Molecular and Phenotypic Detection of Carbapenemase-Encoding Genes among Bacterial Isolates from Various Clinical Infections
This study was conducted to perform phenotypic and molecular detection of carbapenems-producing bacteria isolated from various infections. A total of 140 clinical samples were collected from patients of both sexes and various ages. The samples were collected from various hospitals in Salah al-Din Governorate, during the period from August 4, 2025, to December 10, 2025. The results showed that 103 samples (73.6%) exhibited bacterial growth on different culture media. The infection rates by sample type were as follows: urine, with 40 samples (28.6%); respiratory tract 6 samples (4.3%); blood, 3 samples (2.1%); wounds, 8 samples (5.7%); burns, 25 samples (17.9%); stool, 10 samples (7.1%); semen, 10 samples (7.1%); vaginal, 20 samples (14.3%); catheter, 10 samples (7.1%); and bodily fluids, 8 samples (5.7%). Bacterial isolates were identified by manual methods and Vitek 2 system, and the results revealed 24 types of bacterial species with different rates. , with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent at 27.18%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus at 18.45%. Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 6.80%, while Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus agalactiae each accounted for 4.85%. Other isolates included Acinetobacter baumanii., Citrobacter spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, each at 3.88%, followed by Enterobacter cloacae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, each at 2.91%. Additionally, Burkholderia cepacia, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococcus pyogenes and Kocuria kristinae, were isolated at 1.94% each. Finally, 10 species were isolated at 0.97% each, including Klebsiella oxytoca, Pantoea spp., Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus viridans, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus lentus. The results of The distribution of carbapenem-resistant bacteria was as follows: Escherichia coli accounted for 28 isolates, of which 5 (17.9%) were carbapenem-resistant; Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 7 isolates, of which 6 (85.7%) were resistant; Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for 4 isolates, all of which were resistant; Acinetobacter baumannii accounted for 4 isolates, all resistant; and Stenotrophomonas accounted for 4 isolates, all resistant. The results of molecular detection revealed the presence of specific resistance genes in each bacterial species. E. coli harbored the blaOXA-1 gene in 88% of isolates, K. pneumoniae harbored the blaKPC gene in 66.6% of isolates, A. baumanii harbored the blaOXA-48 gene in 50% of isolates, while P. aeruginosa (blaVIM-type) and S. maltophilia (blaL1) did not harbor the gene.
Keywords: Carbepenem, Resistance, phenotype, Genotypem Bacteria
An Extended SIRD Model Incorporating Healthcare System Overload Effects
This paper proposes an expanded model of the SIRD epidemiological model of COVID-19, which differs from traditional models in that it calculates the cumulative mortality rate of COVID-19, calculating direct deaths from the disease and indirect deaths resulting from pressure on the health care system. Initially, simple linear equations were used, but numerical simulations using MATLAB revealed a discrepancy in the paths, which led to a decrease in the total number of deaths. To correct this discrepancy, the research developed the model using a nonlinear saturation mechanism linked to the number of people recovered. The model shows that the number of recoveries is inversely proportional to the burden on health facilities. Based on our model developed, all parameters of the model are biologically reasonable as shown in results. The simulation results confirm that adding a stress factor to the healthcare model contributes positively to improving the effectiveness of the model in predicting the dynamics of mortality development in the epidemic. This framework is a useful guide that enables decision makers to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of public health interventions.
Evaluation of Serum CYP2C19 Levels in Hypertensive Patients vs. Healthy Controls
Hypertension is a complex condition arising from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors and represents a major global health challenge due to is contribution to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The case-control study was performed in Wasit Province, Iraq, between October 2025 and March 2026 to assess the levels of circulating CYP2C19 in patients with hypertension. A total of 80 participants were recruited; 45 patients with clinically confirmed hypertension and 35 healthy controls. ELISA-based analysis demonstrated significantly elevated serum CYP2C19 levels in hypertensive patients (6.29 ± 0.71 ng/mL) compared with healthy controls (4.17 ± 0.22 ng/mL), with a highly significant difference (p = 0.0001). Gender-based analysis showed no significant differences within controls (p = 0.458) or patients (p = 0.100), yet serum levels were significantly higher in patients than controls for both males (p = 0.01) and females (p = 0.001).In conclusion ,there is a potential association between increased CYP2C19 expression and pathophysiology of hypertension. Serum CPY2C19 is elevated in hypertensive patients regardless of gender, indicating its potential involvement in disease
Genetic and Biochemical Association to Renal Failure
This study aims to valuate SNPs in APOL1 and HAVCR1 genes and levels of serum biomarkers in renal failure (RF) patients with acutely kidney injury (AKI) and chronically kidney disease (CKD). A total of 60 RF-diseased (30 AKI and 30 CKD) and 30 healthy control (HC) individuals, were subjected to sampling of venous blood that tested molecularly by PCR serologically by ELISA to measurement KIM-1, suPAR, TNFR1 and TNFR2. Molecularly, the levels and risk of genotyping frequency for CG in APOL1 rs136161 were higher in AKI and CKD patients than healthy ones. Additionally, RF patients showed a lower frequency of C allele and higher risk of G. For HAVCR1 rs6555820 C>A, polymorphism and harm effects of CA and AA genotypes in RF patients were higher; while, frequency and risk of C was lowered and A allele was elevated in RF patents. Significantly, gradual increases in serum KIM-1, suPAR, TNFR1, and TNFR2 were reported markedly in CKD followed by AKI when compared to HC.
Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1)
Satellite Observed Groundwater Decline in Southern and Western Iraq
Over the past 20 years rainfall deficits in Iraq and the Middle East have directly depleted groundwater reserves relied upon for drinking water, Industry and Agricultural irrigation. In this research we used the satellite data collected from the satellite of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE-FO mission to assess fresh water storage depletion in southern-western of Iraq covering parts from Tigris-Euphrates river basins as well as the western desert from(January 2010 to January 2025). GRACE/GRACE-FO satellite data reveal a significant and alarming decline in total groundwater reserves at a rate of approximately -28.6 ± 0.9 mm/year in water equivalent representing a total loss of 279 km³ over the 15-year study period. By integrating additional information from remote sensing satellite data analysis and Earth surface model outputs the analysis identifies groundwater depletion as the primary contributor to this depletion. This methodology represents the "best possible options" for regions like southern and western Iraq where data access is often extremely limited due to the complexity of the calculations. The results show a groundwater level decline of 19.4 ± 2.5 mm per year or the equivalent of 126.8 ± 16.3 cubic kilometers in volume during the study period.
Digital Image Processing, Remote Sensing, GRACE, Tigris and Euphrates, Ground Water Reserves
Analyzing the Impact of Cloud-Based Spatial Decision Support Systems on Decision-Making Efficiency and User Satisfaction
This study aimed to measure and evaluate the impact of cloud-based spatial decision support systems on both administrative decision-making efficiency and user satisfaction. The study was conducted in the General Directorate of Education in Anbar Governorate, Iraq, and employed a descriptive-analytical methodology. The study population consisted of administrative leaders, technical staff, and those responsible for human and educational resource management. A random sample of 221 respondents was selected, and their questionnaires were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between cloud-based spatial systems and their dimensions (system quality, information quality, and service quality) and the variables of decision-making efficiency and user satisfaction. The simple correlation coefficient for decision efficiency was 0.818, with a significance level of 0.001 and a coefficient of determination of 0.669. The study recommended the need to enhance investment in the geographic cloud infrastructure for education in Anbar to ensure that decisions regarding the distribution of educational resources and human resources and filling vacancies are made accurately, quickly and with the lowest error rate.
Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS), Cloud Computing, Decision Support Systems
Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Loads on a (2D) Frame Using an MDOF System
Dynamic safety assessment of engineering structures under loads is an topic in structural engineering due to the complexity of energy transfer in multi degree of freedom (MDOF) systems. The main limitation of conventional analytical methods lies in their inability to accurately predict dynamic behavior, in addition to their computational cost, especially when analyzing transient responses. The equation of motion was used and solved numerically in MATLAB using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK4) method. Different loading cases were applied by varying the load matrix while keeping the mass, stiffness, and damping matrices constant. The results showed that the proposed model is capable of accurately representing the dynamic response, as the time histories exhibited stable behavior during transient and steady state phases. Furthermore, the results indicated that variations in load magnitude and location influence displacement behavior, with an effect of dynamic coupling in energy transfer between nodes. The proposed model enhances prediction accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency, reduces the need for complex simulations, and provides a reliable tool for structural design.
Equations of Motion, Two-Dimensional Frame, Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF), Structural Response, Runge-Kutta Method, Numerical Simulation.
Zahraa Salih Mahdi, Ali Hussein Shuaa AL-Taie Mahdi
From Polynomial Ring to α-ideal Topological Space
The reduction of a polynomial (poly) over Galois Fields ( ) reveals whether the coefficients of that poly truly belong to , based on their irreducibility into non-trivial polys. is constructed from the primitive poly through the ring . Furthermore, this study is related to the framework of ideal topological spaces, where a binary relation is derived through the algebraic structure represented by the -adic valuation function . Starting from the equivalence classes derived from the valuation based relation, a partition topology is generated on the finite field. Combining the ideal I with the topological structure enables us to define both the closure operator and the -local function. The significance of these two operators becomes evident through their ability to classify field elements with high precision, there by revealing the deep structure of finite fields. Furthermore, the -ideal topology provides a more refined partition of the field elements, the filtration of negligible elements through the ideal, and a systematic study of the structural properties of polynomials.
Galois Field GF(2^n), Irreducible Polynomials, u-adic Valuation, Equivalence Relation, Ideal Topological Spaces, \alpha-open Sets, \alpha-Local function
نسرين نجم العقابي 2 , تبارك وسام صاحب 1* Sahb
Tabarak Wissam Sahb *, Nisreen Najm Alokbi 2
Molecular Detection of Virulence Factors in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus
The 16S rRNA gene demonstrated a high degree of diagnostic accuracy (100%) , which reinforces the reliability of the results . High prevalence rates were recorded for PVL (90%) and clfA (80%), indicating the presence of highly virulent strains and their impact on infection . The differences in results compared to other studies are attributed to several factors, including environmental factors , sample type, and geographic location . S.aureus is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to serious systemic diseases. This study aims to identify virulence factors in S.aureus bacteria isolated from various clinical cases. A total of 140 clinical samples were collected from patients admitted to Diwaniya Teaching Hospital between November 2025 and January 2026. The samples were diagnosed by microscopic examination and cultured on blood agar and menthol salt agar , followed by testing using the 16S rRNA gene and screening for virulence factors, including PVL and CLF-A, using PCR molecular methods. The results showed that 16S rRNA gene amplification was successful in 100 % of all samples. The PVL gene was detected in 18 out of 20 samples (90 %) , while the clfA gene was detected in 16 samples (80 %). These results indicate a widespread prevalence of virulence factors in the isolates included in the study. The study confirms the effectiveness of the 16S rRNA gene in molecular diagnosis, and indicates a widespread prevalence of the virulence genes PVL and clfA in S.aureus isolates , reflecting the virulence of these isolates and their ability to cause severe infections , with the distribution of these genes influenced by environmental factors , sample type, and geographic location.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, PCR, 16S rRNA, PVL, clfA, virulence factors, molecular diagnosis
Morphological and Molecular Study of the Biofilm of Proteus Mirabilis Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections
Proteus mirabilis is one of the most common causes of urinary tract infections, especially in catheter injected patients. The aim of study was to investigate morphological and molecular study of the biofilm of Proteus mirabilis isolated from urinary tract infections. One hundred urine samples were collected from outpatients and inpatients at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital and the Maternity and Children's Hospital who were diagnosed with urinary tract infections. The results showed that molecular detection of the genes responsible for the bacteria under study was performed on all samples using PCR technique. After transferring the result of the multiplication in agarose gel, it was noted that 10 isolates (100%) of the isolates possessed the int1 genes under study. In general, the virulence factor (Biofilm) in P. mirabilis was investigated, as the results of the phenotypic detection showed the ability of the bacteria under study to produce biofilm in 10 isolates at a rate of 100%.
Keywords: biofilm, Proteus mirabilis, urinary, rsbA, luxS, MrpA
Monitoring Vegetation Cover in Wasit Governorate, Iraq Using Landsat Imagery and NDVI Analysis (2012–2024)
This study evaluates vegetation cover using the application of Landsat satellite images and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. We processed the satellite images of 2012, 2016, 2020, and 2024 in order to assess spatial and temporal variations over vegetation coverage. NDVI values were derived from standard preprocessing of Landsat imagery (30 m resolution, including band stacking, clipping the study area, and bracket values through ratios from red and near-infrared spectral bands). The result shows that the vegetation distribution also has prominent spatial variability across the governorate. Vegetation thus is confined to the corridor of the Tigris River and irrigated agricultural lands with moderate NDVI values (comparatively tall shrub cover). By contrast, the western and southern sections of the state have little vegetation because it is semi-arid and lack easy access to water. NDVI > 0.4 is related to regions of high density of agricultural vegetation, and NDVI < 0.2 corresponds to bare land and desert surface. In general, the results show that NDVI extracted from Landsat images presents a useful method to monitor vegetation dynamics and environmental situations in arid and semi-arid areas, such as Wasit..
NDVI, Vegetation Cover, Landsat Imagery, Remote Sensing, Semi-arid Environment.