Equine Lameness: an Advanced Review of Classification, Diagnostics Methods Especially with Local Anesthesia, and Management Strategies

Abstract

Equine lameness, defined by an abnormal gait that impairs movement, is a significant concern in equine health with economic, ethical, and welfare implications. It results in increased veterinary expenses, decreased performance, and reduced horse value, particularly in equine sports, where welfare considerations are paramount. While mild lameness may appear self-limiting, unresolved cases can progress to chronic conditions such as laminitis and musculoskeletal disorders, often causing compensatory strain on the contralateral limb. The pathophysiology of lameness is multifaceted, encompassing biomechanical, orthopedic, and environmental factors, necessitating precise pain assessment for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Clinically, lameness is identified through gait abnormalities and localized tenderness, often relying on subjective evaluations; however, advancements in motion analysis technology have improved diagnostic accuracy. Management strategies focus on pain alleviation, disease progression control, and enhancing overall quality of life, particularly in chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis. In severe cases, lameness may lead to euthanasia due to significant functional impairment. Additionally, horses may instinctively mask pain, complicating clinical assessments. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, employing targeted keywords to ensure the inclusion of relevant studies.