Energy Estimation and Mass Composition Determination in Extensive Air Showers for Primary Cosmic Rays

Abstract

 In this work. the CORSIKA code will be used to simulate a part of an Extensive Air Showers (EAS) that describes the lateral distribution function (LDF) with the Yakutsk array. The EAS development has been estimated for several particles like helium, proton, and Gamma-ray (He, P, and γ). The simulation was performed using the high-energy QGSJetII-04 model with the Yakutsk array.  primary particles with energies ≥10¹⁴ eV and zenith angles with less than 60˚ degrees are considered during the shape development of EAS in the Earth's atmosphere. Mean particle densities increase from Yakutsk at 600 m from the shower axis therefore, this distance from the shower axis was used during the simulation. Depending on the Polynomial Fit (PF) function a parameterization of the density of the shower as a function of the primary mass was reconstructed based on this simulation for primary protons, gamma rays, and helium nuclei at several zenith angles. Protons and helium nuclei make up the majority of the mass composition of cosmic rays up to energies of around 10EeV, with a tiny fraction of heavy nuclei, according to the QGSJetII-04 model for a variety of primary nuclei, including a gamma ray. The comparison of the calculated LDF shows a perfect agreement with the experimental data on the Yakutsk and CORSIKA simulation at energies ≥10¹⁴ eV. Comparison of the calculated data and the experimental data includes the assumption that air showers with a very low muon concentration, are thought to be created by primary gamma rays.